After the Cyrus Edict, and the return to Zion, the Jewish people were split between Israel and Babylon. Only 42,300 Jews returned from Babylon, about 10% of the Jewish population. After finishing rebuilding the Temple in Jerusalem, the Jews in Israel continued to face hostile resistance from the Samarians while rebuilding their lives. Meanwhile, hostility against the Jews reared its head in Babylon. The Babylonian Jews were about to face total annihilation driven by the anti-Semitic rhetoric from their ancient enemy, Amalek. A significant schism in dating occurs in this time period driving two schools of thought. The academic world adds many Persian kings in succession, whereas the Jewish and Biblical accounts only name a few in a shorter period of time. This causes a discrepancy called the missing 164-years and changes the dating order of certain events. Followers of the Biblical narrative might find it challenging to reconcile the academic dating with the Biblical narrative. This site follows the academic dating but does not in so doing disregard the Biblical dating account.
אַפְרִיז מִתְּקוּפַת דָּרְיָוֶשׁ הָרִאשׁוֹן (שָׁלַט בַּשָּׁנִים 522–486 לפנה"ס), אַרְמוֹן בְּשׁוּשָׁן, הלובר, פָּרִיז, צִלּוּם: אַרְדּוֹן בַּר-חֵמָא
אֹסֶף דָּוִד יסלסון
שֶׁקֶל, הַתְּקוּפָה הַפַּרְסִית, סוֹף הַמֵּאָה הַ-5 לפנה"ס
פְּרוֹפִיל קַסְדָּה מְעַטֵּר אֶת הַחֲזִית בְּמַטְבֵּעַ מֵהַתְּקוּפָה הַפַּרְסִית, בְּעוֹד צִדּוֹ הָאֲחוֹרִי שֶׁל הַמַּטְבֵּעַ מַצִּיג אֶל מְזֻקָּן יוֹשֵׁב עַל גַּלְגַּל מְכֻנָּף וּמוֹשִׁיט יָדוֹ לִתְמֹךְ בַּבַּז, וּכְתֹבֶת בַּאֲרָמִית: יְהֻד, "יְהוּד", בְּצַד הָרֹאשׁ.
Israel was known as the Persian province "Yehud Medinata" meaning "the State of Judea". Pictured here is a Persian Period Shekel from the late 5th Century BCE. A helmeted profile adorns the front while the reverse features a bearded divinity figure seated on a winged wheel extending its hand to support a falcon, with letters in Aramaic script: "Yehud," written near the head.
בִּתְקוּפָה הַפַּרְסִית, בַּחוֹתָם הָרִשְׁמִי שֶׁל פְּרוֹבִינְצִיַּת יְהוּדָה הַפַּרְסִית מוֹפִיעַ כּוֹכָב בַּעַל חֲמִשָּׁה קָדְקוֹדִים עִם הַמִּלָּה "יְרוּשָׁלַיִם" מְאֻיֶּתֶת בַּחֲמִשָּׁה עִצּוּרִים עִבְרִיִּים, ירשלם. הָאוֹתִיּוֹת מְשֻׁלָּבוֹת בֵּין נְקֻדּוֹת הַכּוֹכָב.
In this picture is a clay seal dating to the Persian period. The official seal of the Persian Province of Judah contained a five-pointed star with the word “Jerusalem” spelled with five Hebrew consonants, Yud Reish Shin Lamed Mem. One letter is stamped between each point of the star.
אֶפְרָת בוכר וְעוֹדֵד לִיפְשִׁיץ
הָאַרְיֵה נִתְפַּס בְּפָרַס הָעַתִּיקָה כְּסֵמֶל לִמְלוּכָה, כּוֹחַ וְנִצָּחוֹן הֵרוֹאִי. נִתָּן לִרְאוֹת אֶת דְּמוּת הָאַרְיֵה בֵּין הַתַּבְלִיטִים הַמְּפֻסָּלִים עַל קִירוֹת אַרְמוֹנוֹ שֶׁל דָּרְיָוֶשׁ בפרספוליס. בַּחֲפִירָה אַרְכֵאוֹלוֹגִית בִּירוּשָׁלַיִם, הִתְגַּלְּתָה קְבוּצָה גְּדוֹלָה שֶׁל טְבִיעוֹת חוֹתָם רִשְׁמִיּוֹת עַל יָדִיּוֹת קַנְקַנִּים מֵהַתְּקוּפָה שֶׁבָּהּ יְהוּדָה הָיְתָה פְּרוֹבִינְצִיָּה פַּרְסִית בְּשֵׁם "יְהוּד מְדִינְתָּא".
Pictured here are Persian seal impressions of lions on two jar handles. The lion was seen in ancient Persia as a symbol of royalty, power, and heroic triumph. A lion can be seen among the reliefs carved on the walls of Darius' palace at Persepolis. A large group of official seal impressions on jar handles were excavated in Jerusalem dating from the time when Judea was a Persian province known as Yehud Medinata.
רָשׁוּת הָעַתִּיקוֹת, צִלּוּם: גַּבִּי לרוֹן
Back in Persia Cyrus was succeeded by his son Cambyses II, followed by a second son Bardiya who was murdered by his cousin Darius I. Darius married Atossa, Cyrus’ daughter. Their son was allegedly Xerxes, better known in the Bible as Ahasuerus. Pictured here is Crown Prince Xerxes standing behind his father Darius the Great in a stone relief from the main banquet hall at the royal palace at Persepolis, Persia - today’s southwest Iran.
יוֹרֵשׁ הָעֶצֶר קְסַרְקְסֵס, הַיָּדוּעַ בִּמְגִלַּת אֶסְתֵּר כְּמֶלֶךְ אֲחַשְׁוֵרוֹשׁ, עוֹמֵד מֵאֲחוֹרֵי אָבִיו דָּרְיָוֶשׁ הַגָּדוֹל בְּתַבְלִיט אֶבֶן מֵאוּלַם הָאֵרוּעִים הַמֶּרְכָּזִי
בְּאַרְמוֹן הַמְּלוּכָה בפרספוליס, פָּרַס.
: אֶסְתֵּר א', א-ז
"וַיְהִ֖י בִּימֵ֣י אֲחַשְׁוֵר֑וֹשׁ (כלומר קסרקסס) ... בִּשְׁנַ֤ת שָׁלוֹשׁ֙ לְמָלְכ֔וֹ... עָשָׂ֣ה הַמֶּ֡לֶךְ לְכָל־הָעָ֣ם הַנִּמְצְאִים֩ בְּשׁוּשַׁ֨ן הַבִּירָ֜ה ... מִשְׁתֶּ֖ה שִׁבְעַ֣ת יָמִ֑ים ... וְהַשְׁקוֹת֙ בִּכְלֵ֣י זָהָ֔ב וְכֵלִ֖ים מִכֵּלִ֣ים שׁוֹנִ֑ים וְיֵ֥ין מַלְכ֛וּת רָ֖ב כְּיַ֥ד הַמֶּֽלֶךְ."
Like Belshazzar, King Ahasuerus took the Jewish Temple vessels and hosted a banquet for the people. During the banquet, the King's wife Vashti refuses to appear in public and she is exiled from the Palace. After a nationwide search, a young Jewish girl, Esther, is chosen to be the new queen consort. You are looking at an ancient Persian wine set displayed in the Israel Museum. Esther 1:7 Royal wine was served in abundance, as befits a king, in golden beakers, beakers of varied designs.
מוּזֵאוֹן יִשְׂרָאֵל / רָשׁוּת הָעַתִּיקוֹת, צִלּוּם: אַבְרָהָם חַי
: אֶסְתֵּר ו', י"א:
"וַיִּקַּ֤ח הָמָן֙ אֶת־הַלְּב֣וּשׁ וְאֶת־הַסּ֔וּס וַיַּלְבֵּ֖שׁ אֶֽת־מָרְדֳּכָ֑י וַיַּרְכִּיבֵ֨הוּ֙ בִּרְח֣וֹב הָעִ֔יר וַיִּקְרָ֣א לְפָנָ֔יו כָּ֚כָה יֵֽעָשֶׂ֣ה לָאִ֔ישׁ אֲשֶׁ֥ר הַמֶּ֖לֶךְ חָפֵ֥ץ בִּֽיקָרֽוֹ
Mordechai, Esther's uncle and a highly respected member of the Jewish community, refused to bow to Haman, an Amalekite, who was gaining favor in the King's court. Haman cunningly convinced Ahasuerus to issue an edict that called for the total annihilation of all Jews. In a chain of events, the King learns that Mordechai once saved him from an assassination attempt and chose to honor him. He ironically chooses Haman to lead Mordechai through the streets to pay homage to him which brings utter humiliation upon Haman. Esther 6:11 So Haman took the robe and the horse, and arrayed Mordecai, and led him on horseback through the city square, and proclaimed before him, “Thus it shall be done to the man whom the king desires to honor.”
נִצְחוֹן מָרְדְּכַי שֶׁל רֶמְבְּרַנְדְּט מְתָאֵר אֶת מָרְדְּכַי רָכוּב עַל סוּס שֶׁמּוּבָל בִּידֵי הַמָּן
אֹסֶף ג'וֹרְג' בְּלוּמֶנְטָל
אֲחַשְׁוֵרוֹשׁ וְהַמָּן בְּמִשְׁתֶּה אֶסְתֵּר, רֶמְבְּרַנְדְּט
מוּזֵאוֹן פּוּשְׁקִין, מוֹסְקְבָה
: אֶסְתֵּר ז', ג
" וַתַּ֨עַן אֶסְתֵּ֤ר הַמַּלְכָּה֙ וַתֹּאמַ֔ר אִם־מָצָ֨אתִי חֵ֤ן בְּעֵינֶ֨יךָ֙ הַמֶּ֔לֶךְ וְאִם־עַל־הַמֶּ֖לֶךְ ט֑וֹב תִּנָּֽתֶן־לִ֤י נַפְשִׁי֙ בִּשְׁאֵ֣לָתִ֔י וְעַמִּ֖י בְּבַקָּֽשָׁתִֽי
יוֹסֵף בֶּן מַתִּתְיָהוּ, קַדְמוֹנִיּוֹת הַיְּהוּדִים :11.6.13
"גַּם מָרְדְּכַי כָּתַב לַיְּהוּדִים... לְצַיֵּן יָמִים אֵלּוּ וְלַחְגֹּג אוֹתָם כְּחַגִּים; ... הַיְּהוּדִים עֲדַיִן שׁוֹמְרִים יָמִים אֵלּוּ, וְקוֹרְאִים לָהֶם יְמֵי פּוּרִים
Immediately afterward, Haman joined the King for a second banquet by invitation of Queen Esther. During the banquet, the King asked Esther what she desired, even offering her up to half of his kingdom. Esther 7:3 Then Queen Esther answered and said, “If I have found favor in your sight, O king, and if it please the king, let my life be given me as my petition, and my people as my request; Esther reveals her Jewish identity and exposes Haman's plan to annihilate the Jews. The furious king orders Haman to hang on the very gallows he himself prepared for Mordechai. Ahasuerus issues a counter edict allowing the Jews to defend themselves. On the appointed day of the edict, the Jews obtain a great victory over their enemies. To this day the Jews annually celebrate it as the festival of Purim. Josephus, Antiquities 11.6.13 “Mordecai also wrote to the Jews…to observe these days, and celebrate them as festivals; … the Jews still keep the aforementioned days, and call them days of Purim.”
הַסֶּרֶט "300", 2006
: דָּנִיאֵל י"א, ב
"וְעַתָּ֕ה אֱמֶ֖ת אַגִּ֣יד לָ֑ךְ הִנֵּה־עוֹד֩ שְׁלֹשָׁ֨ה מְלָכִ֜ים עֹֽמְדִ֣ים לְפָרַ֗ס וְהָֽרְבִיעִי֙ יַֽעֲשִׁ֤יר עֹֽשֶׁר־גָּדוֹל֙ מִכֹּ֔ל וּכְחֶזְקָת֣וֹ בְעָשְׁר֔וֹ יָעִ֣יר הַכֹּ֔ל אֵ֖ת מַלְכ֥וּת יָוָֽן
קְרַב תרמופילאי בִּשְׁנַת 480 לפנה"ס נֶעֱרַךְ בֵּין הַצְּבָאוֹת הַפָּרְסִיִּים הַפּוֹלְשִׁים שֶׁל קְסַרְקְסֵס הָרִאשׁוֹן לְבֵין צִבְאוֹת בְּרִית עָרֵי מְדִינָה יְוָנִיּוֹת שֶׁבְּרֹאשָׁם עָמַד לָאוֹנִידְס הָרִאשׁוֹן וּ-300 הַסְּפַּרְטָנִים שֶׁלּוֹ
הַקְּרָבוֹת בֵּין הַיְּוָנִים לַפָּרְסִים נִמְשְׁכוּ 50 שָׁנָה (440-490 לפנה"ס).
On the world stage, Xerxes continues the war of his father Darius to gain territory by invading Europe through Greece, but is met with fierce resistance. In the famous war at Thermopylae, 480 BCE, the invading Persian armies of Xerxes battled an alliance of Greek city-states led by Leonidas and his 300 Spartans. Daniel 11:2 And now I will tell you the truth: Persia will have three more kings, and the fourth will be wealthier than them all; by the power he obtains through his wealth, he will stir everyone up against the kingdom of Greece. The battles between the Greeks and the Persians spanned 50 years from 490-440 BCE.
: שמות כ', ז
"זָכ֛וֹר אֶת־י֥וֹם הַשַּׁבָּ֖ת לְקַדְּשֽׁוֹ."
אוֹסְטְרָקוֹן שַׁבָּת מֵאלְפֶנְטִינָה, מִצְרַיִם:
"תַּגִּיעַ לְשָׁם לִפְנֵי שֶׁהַסְּפִינָה מַגִּיעָה – בִּגְלַל הַשַּׁבָּת..."
An Ostraca with Aramaic inscription was found in Elephantine, Egypt where a long-established Jewish colony lived. The area at the time was under Persian control since its capture by Cambyses in 525 BCE. The Ostraca is the second earliest reference to Shabbat observance. Exodus 20:8 Remember the Sabbath day by keeping it holy. Six days you shall labor and do all your work, but the seventh day is a Sabbath to the L-rd your G-d, you shall not do any work. In the Ostraca the recipient is urged: “Get there before the boat comes in—on account of the Sabbath…”
א. קְלֶרְמוֹן-גַּנּוּ
: נְחֶמְיָה ב', א
"וַיְהִ֣י בְּחֹ֣דֶשׁ נִיסָ֗ן שְׁנַ֥ת עֶשְׂרִ֛ים לְאַרְתַּחְשַׁ֥סְתְּא הַמֶּ֖לֶךְ (אַרְתַּחְשַׁסְתָּא הָרִאשׁוֹן , בְּנוֹ שֶׁל קְסַרְקְסֵס/ אֲחַשְׁוֵרוֹשׁ) יַ֣יִן לְפָנָ֑יו וָֽאֶשָּׂ֤א (נְחֶמְיָה) אֶת־הַיַּ֨יִן֙ וָֽאֶתְּנָ֣ה לַמֶּ֔לֶךְ..."
Nehemiah, the cup bearer to King Artaxerxes in Babylon, received distressing news that the Samaritans in the area had been enraged by the completion of the Temple and had descended on Jerusalem, destroying the walls and ransacking the city. Nehemiah 1:11, 2:1 I was the king’s cupbearer at the time. In the twentieth year of King Artaxerxes (Son of Xerxes), when wine was set before him, I (Nehemiah) took the wine and gave it to the king.… Pictured here is a Rhyton, or wine cup from the Persian Period.
גְּבִיעַ יַיִן פַּרְסִי (בְּצוּרַת קֶרֶן), מוּזֵאוֹן יִשְׂרָאֵל / רָשׁוּת הָעַתִּיקוֹת
צִלּוּם: דָּוִד הָאָרִיס
: נְחֶמְיָה ב', א-ה
"וַיְהִ֣י בְּחֹ֣דֶשׁ נִיסָ֗ן שְׁנַ֥ת עֶשְׂרִ֛ים לְאַרְתַּחְשַׁ֥סְתְּא הַמֶּ֖לֶךְ (אַרְתַּחְשַׁסְתָּא הָרִאשׁוֹן , בְּנוֹ שֶׁל קְסַרְקְסֵס/ אֲחַשְׁוֵרוֹשׁ)...
וַיֹּ֤אמֶר לִי֙ הַמֶּ֔לֶךְ עַל־מַה־זֶּ֖ה אַתָּ֣ה מְבַקֵּ֑שׁ וָֽאֶתְפַּלֵּ֔ל אֶל־אֱלֹהֵ֖י הַשָּׁמָֽיִם׃ וָֽ אֹמַ֣ר לַמֶּ֔לֶךְ אִם־עַל־הַמֶּ֣לֶךְ ט֔וֹב וְאִם־יִיטַ֥ב עַבְדְּךָ֖ לְפָנֶ֑יךָ אֲשֶׁ֧ר תִּשְׁלָחֵ֣נִי אֶל־יְהוּדָ֗ה אֶל־עִ֛יר קִבְר֥וֹת אֲבֹתַ֖י וְאֶבְנֶֽנָּה
The King noticed Nehemiah’s distress and asked about his well-being, to which Nehemiah relayed the dire situation in Jerusalem. Nehemiah 2:4-5 The king said to me, “What is your request?” With a prayer to the G-d of Heaven, I answered the king, “If it pleases the king, and if your servant has found favor in your sight, I ask that you send me to Judah, to the city where my fathers are buried, so that I may rebuild it.” Pictured here is a clay inscription from an alabastron fragment reading: "Artaxerxes, the King" from the Kelsey Museum of Archaeology.
כְּתֹבֶת "אַרְתַּחְשַׁסְתָּא הַמֶּלֶךְ", מוּזֵאוֹן קלסי לְאַרְכֵאוֹלוֹגְיָה
:
נְחֶמְיָה ב', י
"וַיִּשְׁמַ֞ע סַנְבַלַּ֣ט הַחֹֽרֹנִ֗י וְטֽוֹבִיָּה֙ הָעֶ֣בֶד הָֽעַמֹּנִ֔י [עַל כַּוָּנָתוֹ שֶׁל נְחֶמְיָה לִבְנוֹת מֵחָדָשׁ אֶת יְרוּשָׁלַיִם] וַיֵּ֥רַע לָהֶ֖ם רָעָ֣ה גְדֹלָ֑ה אֲשֶׁר־בָּ֣א אָדָ֔ם לְבַקֵּ֥שׁ טוֹבָ֖ה לִבְנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל."
פַּפִּירוּס מִקְדָּשׁ אלְפֶנְטִינָה(מִצְרַיִם), 407 לפנה"ס
"יֶתֶר עַל כֵּן, כָּל הַחֲדָשׁוֹת שֶׁשָּׁלַחְנוּ בְּמִכְתָּב אֶחָד בִּשְׁמֵנוּ לִדְלָיָה וּלְשֶׁלֶמְיָה, בָּנָיו שֶׁל סַנְבַלַּט, מוֹשֵׁל שׁוֹמְרוֹן
The Samarians, headed by Sanballat, governor of Samaria, were greatly vexed when they heard that Nehemiah and the Jews were attempting to rebuild the walls. Nehemiah 2:10 When Sanballat the Horonite and Tobiah the Ammonite servant heard [of Nehemiah's intention to rebuild Jerusalem], it displeased them greatly that a man had come, asking for the welfare of the children of Israel. The Elephantine Temple Papyrus, circa 407 BCE mentions Sanballat: "Moreover, all the news we have sent in one letter in our name to Delayah and Shelemyah, the sons of Sanballat, governor of Samaria." Pictured here is the bulla or seal impression of "Sanballat, Governor of Samaria"
בּוּלָה שֶׁל "סַנְבַלַּט מוֹשֵׁל שׁוֹמְרוֹן", רָשׁוּת הָעַתִּיקוֹת, צִלּוּם: יוּבָל גֹּרֶן
פַּפִּירוּס מִקְדַּשׁ אלְפֶנְטִינָה, מוּזֵאוֹן פרגמון, בֶּרְלִין
צִלּוּם: בְּרוּס וְקֶנֶת צוּקֶרְמָן, פְּרוֹיֵקְט הַמֶּחְקָר הַשֵּׁמִי מַּעֲרָבִי, אוּנִיבֶרְסִיטַת דְּרוֹם קָלִיפוֹרְנִיָּה
: נְחֶמְיָה ב', י"ט
"וַיִּשְׁמַע֩ סַנְבַלַּ֨ט הַחֹֽרֹנִ֜י וְטֹֽבִיָּ֣ה הָעֶ֣בֶד הָֽעַמּוֹנִ֗י וְגֶ֨שֶׁם֙ הָֽעַרְבִ֔י (עַל תָּכְנִיתוֹ שֶׁל נְחֶמְיָה לִבְנוֹת מֵחָדָשׁ אֶת חוֹמַת יְרוּשָׁלַיִם) וַיַּלְעִ֣גוּ לָ֔נוּ וַיִּבְז֖וּ עָלֵ֑ינוּ..."
One of Sanballat's co-conspirators was Tobiah the Ammonite. In this picture is the burial cave of the Tobiads family in Amman, Jordan with the name "Toviah" inscribed on it. Nehemiah 2:19 But when… Tobiah the Ammonite official, and Geshem the Arab heard about this they mocked us and ridiculed us…
הַחֶבְרָה לְאַרְכֵאוֹלוֹגְיָה מִקְרָאִית
: נְחֶמְיָה ד', י-י"ב
"וַיְהִ֣י מִן־הַיּ֣וֹם הַה֗וּא חֲצִ֣י נְעָרַי֮ עֹשִׂ֣ים בַּמְּלָאכָה֒ וְחֶצְיָ֗ם מַֽחֲזִיקִים֙ וְהָֽרְמָחִ֣ים הַמָּֽגִנִּ֔ים וְהַקְּשָׁת֖וֹת וְהַשִּׁרְיֹנִ֑ים וְהַ֨שָּׂרִ֔ים אַֽחֲרֵ֖י כָּל־בֵּ֥ית יְהוּדָֽה׃ הַבּוֹנִ֧ים בַּֽחוֹמָ֛ה וְהַנֹּֽשְׂאִ֥ים בַּסֶּ֖בֶל עֹֽמְשִׂ֑ים בְּאַחַ֤ת יָדוֹ֙ עֹשֶׂ֣ה בַמְּלָאכָ֔ה וְאַחַ֖ת מַֽחֲזֶ֥קֶת הַשָּֽׁלַח׃ וְהַ֨בּוֹנִ֔ים אִ֥ישׁ חַרְבּ֛וֹ אֲסוּרִ֥ים עַל־מָתְנָ֖יו וּבוֹנִ֑ים וְהַתּוֹקֵ֥עַ בַּשּׁוֹפָ֖ר אֶצְלִֽי
When the enemies and neighboring nations saw the project progressing in earnest, they organized attacks on the builders, causing the Jews to build with shovel in one hand and sword in the other. The Samarians stirred on the neighbouring nations with false accusations against the Jews and even tried to assassinate Nehemiah. Nehemiah 4:10-12 From that day on, half my servants did work and half held lances and shields, bows and armor. And the officers stood behind the whole house of Judah who were rebuilding the wall. The basket-carriers were burdened, doing work with one hand while the other held a weapon. As for the builders, each had his sword girded at his side as he was building. The trumpeter stood beside me. Higher up the hill of the original wall in the City of David, archaeologists uncovered a section of a wall and tower dating back to the Persian period, most likely belonging to the wall Nehemiah built.
חֲפִירוֹת עִיר דָּוִד , יְרוּשָׁלַיִם
רָשׁוּת הָעַתִּיקוֹת,
הַחֶבְרָה לְאַרְכֵאוֹלוֹגְיָה מִקְרָאִית
: נְחֶמְיָה ו', ט"ו-ט"ז
"וַתִּשְׁלַם֙ הַֽחוֹמָ֔ה בְּעֶשְׂרִ֥ים וַֽחֲמִשָּׁ֖ה לֶֽאֱל֑וּל לַֽחֲמִשִּׁ֥ים וּשְׁנַ֖יִם יֽוֹם: וַיְהִ֗י כַּֽאֲשֶׁ֤ר שָֽׁמְעוּ֙ כָּל־א֣וֹיְבֵ֔ינוּ וַיִּֽרְא֗וּ כָּל־הַגּוֹיִם֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר סְבִֽיבֹתֵ֔ינוּ וַיִּפְּל֥וּ מְאֹ֖ד
בְּעֵֽינֵיהֶ֑ם וַיֵּ֣דְע֔וּ כִּ֚י מֵאֵ֣ת אֱלֹהֵ֔ינוּ נֶֽעֶשְׂתָ֖ה הַמְּלָאכָ֥ה הַזֹּֽאת."
Despite heavy physical and political resistance, the Jews pressed forward with 41 teams building unceasingly. The wall was completed in 52 days, finishing on the twenty-fifth of Elul in the year 444 BCE. Nehemiah 6:15 And so the wall was completed in fifty-two days, on the twenty-fifth of Elul. When all our enemies heard about this, all the surrounding nations were afraid and disheartened, for they realized that this task had been accomplished by our G-d.
: נְחֶמְיָה ב', י"ז
"... לְכ֗וּ וְנִבְנֶה֙ אֶת־חוֹמַ֣ת יְרֽוּשָׁלִַ֔ם ..."
מְכוֹן מְגַלִּים עִיר דָּוִד בַּאֲדִיבוּת ג'וֹרְג' בְּלוּמֶנְטָל וּמִשְׁפַּחַת גּוֹל
Watch a summary of the story of Nehemiah and the rebuilding of the wall by the Megallim Institute, courtesy of George Blumenthal and the Gol Family.
חַבְרֵי הִקְהִילָה הַיְּהוּדִית שִׁמְּשׁוּ כִּשְׂכִירֵי חֶרֶב שֶׁל הַפָּרְסִים בָּאִי אלְפֶנְטִינָה, שֶׁנִּקְרָא בַּיָּמִים הַהֵם יֵב, וְנִמְצָא לְיַד סֶכֶר אָסוּאָן בְּמִצְרַיִם. 175 תְּעוּדוֹת מֵהַמֵּאָה הַ-5 לפנה"ס נִמְצְאוּ באלְפֶנְטִינָה.
Several hundred Aramaic papyri and ostraca dating back to the 5th century BCE were discovered in Elephantine between 1893 and 1910. The documents reveal a presence of a Jewish military colony on the Island of Elephantine serving as mercenaries for the Persians. The Island, then called Yeb, is located near the Aswan Dam in Egypt. According to the content of the documents the community was established long before Persian rule.
אלְפֶנְטִינָה, מִצְרַיִם, מִִתּוֹךְ: Photo Alamy Stock
אִגֶּרֶת פֶּסַח שֶׁנִּשְׁלְחָה מִירוּשָׁלַיִם לְאאלְפֶנְטִינָה, מִצְרַיִם
"בְּחֹדֶשׁ נִיסָן וַיְהִי פֶּסַח לְחֵיל הַמַּצָּב הַיְּהוּדַאי. וְעַתָּה סִפְרוּ אַרְבָּעָה עָשָׂר יָמִים בְּחֹדֶשׁ נִיסָן וְשִׁמְרוּ אֶת הַפֶּסַח, וּמֵהַיּוֹם הַ-15 עַד הַיּוֹם הַ-21 בְּנִיסָן הֵם שִׁבְעָה יָמִים שֶׁל מַצּוֹת.
הֱיוּ נְקִיִּים וְהִשָּׁמְרוּ. אַל תַּעַבְדוּ...
הָבָה נַעֲשָׂה הַדָּבָר כְּפִי שֶׁצִּוָּה הַמֶּלֶךְ דָּרְיָוֶשׁ (הַשֵּׁנִי)."
מוּזֵאוֹן פרגמון
One of the Papyri, circa 419 BCE, is a letter sent from Jerusalem to Elephantine outlining Passover rituals. It is the oldest extra-Biblical text referencing Passover. "And now, this year, year 5 of King Darius, it has been sent from the king to Arsa[mes ……… …]In the month of Nisan, let there be a Passover for the Judahite garrison. Now accordingly count fourteen days of the month Nisan and keep the Passover, and from the 15th day to the 21st day of Nisan are seven days of Unleavened Bread. Be clean and take heed. Do not work…
פַּפִּירוּס מִקְדַּשׁ אלְפֶנְטִינָה, מוּזֵאוֹן פרגמון, בֶּרְלִין
צִלּוּם: בְּרוּס וְקֶנֶת צוּקֶרְמָן, פְּרוֹיֵקְט הַמֶּחְקָר הַשֵּׁמִי מַּעֲרָבִי, אוּנִיבֶרְסִיטַת דְּרוֹם קָלִיפוֹרְנִיָּה
פַּפִּירוּס מִקְדָּשׁ אלְפֶנְטִינָה
"אֶל בְּגוֹהֵי מוֹשֵׁל יְהוּדָה מִן הַכּוֹהֲנִים אֲשֶׁר באלְפֶנְטִינָה הַמִּבְצָר... בִּשְׁנַת 14 לְמֶלֶךְ דָּרְיָוֶשׁ הַשֵּׁנִי (410 לפנה"ס)... קַמְבִּיסְס (525 לפנה"ס) הָרַס אֶת הַמִּקְדָּשִׁים הַמִּצְרִיִּים אַךְ לֹא אֶת מִקְדַּשׁ י-ה-ו-ה. אָנוּ מְבַקְּשִׁים רְשׁוּת מִיְּהוֹחָנָן הַכֹּהֵן הַגָּדוֹל בִּירוּשָׁלַיִם לִבְנוֹת מֵחָדָשׁ אֶת בֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ כְּפִי שֶׁנִּבְנָה בֶּעָבָר.
פַּפִּירוּס מִקְדַּשׁ אלְפֶנְטִינָה הוּא מִכְתָּב שֶׁנִּכְתַּב בִּשְׁנַת 407 לפנה"ס לִבְגוֹהִי, הַמּוֹשֵׁל הַפַּרְסִי שֶׁל יְהוּדָה, וּבוֹ בַּקָּשָׁה לְסִיּוּעַ בְּשִׁקּוּם בֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ הַיְּהוּדִי באלְפֶנְטִינָה, שֶׁנִּזּוֹק קָשׁוֹת בִּפְרָעוֹת נֶגֶד הַיְּהוּדִים מִצַּד חֵלֶק מִקְּהִלַּת האלפנטינים.
It became evident from the Papyri collection that the Jews had their own temple in Elephantine.
The
Elephantine Temple Papyrus is a letter written in 407 BCE to Bagohi, the
Persian governor of Judea, appealing for assistance in rebuilding the Jewish
temple in Elephantine, which had recently been badly damaged by an anti-Jewish
rampage on the part of a segment of the Elephantine community.
It reads:
“The
temple of the G-d of heaven that was built at Fort Elephantine long ago, before
the time of Cambyses which ‘that criminal Vidranga’ razed in the fourteenth
year of King Darius…We seek permission from Jehohanan the High Priest in
Jerusalem to rebuild the temple as it was formerly built..."
Based on the documents, many archaeologists were in
search of the actual temple only to finally be discovered in 1967.
פַּפִּירוּס מִקְדַּשׁ אלְפֶנְטִינָה מס' 4
: בְּגוֹהֵי [מוֹשֵׁל יְהוּדָה] אוֹמֵר
"בֵּית הַמִּזְבֵּחַ שֶׁל הָאֵל (כְּלוֹמַר שֶׁל הַיְּהוּדִים) באלְפֶנְטִינָה, הַמְּצוּדָה, יָכוֹל לְהִבָּנוֹת כְּפִי שֶׁהָיָה בֶּעָבָר לִפְנֵי קַמְבִּיסְס, אֲשֶׁר וידרנגה הָרַס בַּשָּׁנָה הַ -14 לְדָרְיָוֶשׁ הַמֶּלֶךְ (410 לפנה"ס). וְיַקְרִיבוּ אֶת מִנְחַת הַסְּעוּדָה וְאֶת הַקְּטֹרֶת אֲשֶׁר יַקְרִיבוּ עַל הַמִּזְבֵּחַ הַהוּא כְּשֵׁם שֶׁנַּעֲשָׂה בֶּעָבָר."
יֵשׁ הַמְּשַׁעֲרִים כִּי הַמִּקְדָּשׁ הַיְּהוּדִי נֶחֱרַב בְּעֵרֶךְ בִּשְׁנַת 390 לפנה"ס
In response to the request to rebuild the Temple in Elephantine, Bagohi, the Persian governor of Judea replied with favor to the community. His reply can be viewed on the Elephantine Temple Papyrus #4: "Bagohi says: The Altar-house of G-d in Elephantine the fortress may be built as was formerly before Cambyses which Vidranga demolished in the 14th year of Darius the king. Let the meal-offering and the incense they shall offer upon that altar be just as formerly was done." Some speculate that the Jewish Temple was destroyed around the year 390 BCE.
הַמּוּזֵאוֹן הַלְּאֻמִּי בֶּרְלִין, הַמּוּזֵאוֹן הַמִּצְרִי וְאֹסֶף הַפַּפִּירוּס צִלּוּם: סַנְדְּרָה סטייס
מוּזֵאוֹן פן, פִילָדֶלְפְיָה
בִּשְׁנַת 1893 הִתְגַּלָּה אַרְכִיּוֹן שֶׁל לוּחוֹת חֶרֶס עַל יְדֵי אַרְכֵאוֹלוֹגִים מֵאוּנִיבֶרְסִיטַת פֶּנְסִילְבֶנְיָה בָּעִיר הָעַתִּיקָה נִפּוּר, הַמְּמֻקֶּמֶת בְּעִירָאק שֶׁל יָמֵינוּ. הַלּוּחוֹת תִּעֲדוּ אֶת עֲסָקֶיהָ שֶׁל מִשְׁפַּחַת מוּרָשׁוֹ בַּמֵּאָה הַ-5 לפנה"ס. בְּאֹפֶן יִחוּדִי, הַמִּסְמָכִים מְכִילִים מִסְפָּר רַב שֶׁל שֵׁמוֹת יְהוּדִיִּים, הַמְּעִידִים עַל קִיּוּמָן שֶׁל קְהִלּוֹת יְהוּדִיּוֹת בְּנִפּוּר, שֶׁלֹּא נִמְצְאוּ לִפְנֵי גָּלוּת בָּבֶל בִּשְׁנַת 586 לפנה"ס.
In 1893, an archive of clay tablets was discovered by archaeologists from the University of Pennsylvania in the ancient city of Nippur, located in present-day Iraq. The tablets documented the business of the Murashu family, Jewish merchants in Babylonia in the 5th Century BCE. There is evidence of a considerable Jewish population in the vicinity of Nippur at the time of Ezra and Nehemiah. The Cuneiform is written in Akkadian text with comments in Aramaic.
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