400-500 לפנה"ס 

הַשִּׁלְטוֹן הַפַּרְסִי בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל
 332-539 לפנה"ס

After the Cyrus Edict, and the return to Zion, the Jewish people were split between Israel and Babylon.   Only 42,300 Jews returned from Babylon, about 10% of the Jewish population. After finishing rebuilding the Temple in Jerusalem, the Jews in Israel continued to face hostile resistance from the Samarians while rebuilding their lives.   Meanwhile, hostility against the Jews reared its head in Babylon. The Babylonian Jews were about to face total annihilation driven by the anti-Semitic rhetoric from their ancient enemy, Amalek.   A significant schism in dating occurs in this time period driving two schools of thought. The academic world adds many Persian kings in succession, whereas the Jewish and Biblical accounts only name a few in a shorter period of time. This causes a discrepancy called the missing 164-years and changes the dating order of certain events. Followers of the Biblical narrative might find it challenging to reconcile the academic dating with the Biblical narrative.   This site follows the academic dating but does not in so doing disregard the Biblical dating account.

אַפְרִיז מִתְּקוּפַת דָּרְיָוֶשׁ הָרִאשׁוֹן (שָׁלַט בַּשָּׁנִים 522–486 לפנה"ס), אַרְמוֹן בְּשׁוּשָׁן, הלובר, פָּרִיז, צִלּוּם: אַרְדּוֹן בַּר-חֵמָא


יְרוּשָׁלַיִם" פֶּנְטַגְרָם מִתְּקוּפַת הַשִּׁלְטוֹן הַפַּרְסִי בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל"

בִּתְקוּפָה הַפַּרְסִית, בַּחוֹתָם הָרִשְׁמִי שֶׁל פְּרוֹבִינְצִיַּת יְהוּדָה הַפַּרְסִית מוֹפִיעַ כּוֹכָב בַּעַל חֲמִשָּׁה קָדְקוֹדִים עִם הַמִּלָּה "יְרוּשָׁלַיִם" מְאֻיֶּתֶת בַּחֲמִשָּׁה עִצּוּרִים עִבְרִיִּים, ירשלם. הָאוֹתִיּוֹת מְשֻׁלָּבוֹת בֵּין נְקֻדּוֹת הַכּוֹכָב.

In this picture is a clay seal dating to the Persian period. The official seal of the Persian Province of Judah contained a five-pointed star with the word “Jerusalem” spelled with five Hebrew consonants, Yud Reish Shin Lamed Mem. One letter is stamped between each point of the star.  

אֶפְרָת בוכר וְעוֹדֵד לִיפְשִׁיץ

הַמֶּלֶךְ הַפַּרְסִי קְסַרְקְסֵס (אֲחַשְׁוֵרוֹשׁ הַמִּקְרָאִי), מָלַךְ בַּשָּׁנִים 465-486 לפנה"ס 

Back in Persia Cyrus was succeeded by his son Cambyses II, followed by a second son Bardiya who was murdered by his cousin Darius I. Darius married Atossa, Cyrus’ daughter. Their son was allegedly Xerxes, better known in the Bible as Ahasuerus.   Pictured here is Crown Prince Xerxes standing behind his father Darius the Great in a stone relief from the main banquet hall at the royal palace at Persepolis, Persia - today’s southwest Iran.

יוֹרֵשׁ הָעֶצֶר קְסַרְקְסֵס, הַיָּדוּעַ בִּמְגִלַּת אֶסְתֵּר כְּמֶלֶךְ אֲחַשְׁוֵרוֹשׁ, עוֹמֵד מֵאֲחוֹרֵי אָבִיו דָּרְיָוֶשׁ הַגָּדוֹל בְּתַבְלִיט אֶבֶן מֵאוּלַם הָאֵרוּעִים הַמֶּרְכָּזִי
 בְּאַרְמוֹן הַמְּלוּכָה בפרספוליס, פָּרַס.

חוֹמַת נְחֶמְיָה שֶׁנִּמְצְאָה בְּעִיר דָּוִד

: נְחֶמְיָה ד', י-י"ב
"וַיְהִ֣י מִן־הַיּ֣וֹם הַה֗וּא חֲצִ֣י נְעָרַי֮ עֹשִׂ֣ים בַּמְּלָאכָה֒ וְחֶצְיָ֗ם מַֽחֲזִיקִים֙ וְהָֽרְמָחִ֣ים הַמָּֽגִנִּ֔ים וְהַקְּשָׁת֖וֹת וְהַשִּׁרְיֹנִ֑ים וְהַ֨שָּׂרִ֔ים אַֽחֲרֵ֖י כָּל־בֵּ֥ית יְהוּדָֽה׃ הַבּוֹנִ֧ים בַּֽחוֹמָ֛ה וְהַנֹּֽשְׂאִ֥ים בַּסֶּ֖בֶל עֹֽמְשִׂ֑ים בְּאַחַ֤ת יָדוֹ֙ עֹשֶׂ֣ה בַמְּלָאכָ֔ה וְאַחַ֖ת מַֽחֲזֶ֥קֶת הַשָּֽׁלַח׃ וְהַ֨בּוֹנִ֔ים אִ֥ישׁ חַרְבּ֛וֹ אֲסוּרִ֥ים עַל־מָתְנָ֖יו וּבוֹנִ֑ים וְהַתּוֹקֵ֥עַ בַּשּׁוֹפָ֖ר אֶצְלִֽי

When the enemies and neighboring nations saw the project progressing in earnest, they organized attacks on the builders, causing the Jews to build with shovel in one hand and sword in the other. The Samarians stirred on the neighbouring nations with false accusations against the Jews and even tried to assassinate Nehemiah.   Nehemiah 4:10-12 From that day on, half my servants did work and half held lances and shields, bows and armor. And the officers stood behind the whole house of Judah who were rebuilding the wall. The basket-carriers were burdened, doing work with one hand while the other held a weapon. As for the builders, each had his sword girded at his side as he was building. The trumpeter stood beside me.   Higher up the hill of the original wall in the City of David, archaeologists uncovered a section of a wall and tower dating back to the Persian period, most likely belonging to the wall Nehemiah built.

חֲפִירוֹת עִיר דָּוִד , יְרוּשָׁלַיִם
רָשׁוּת הָעַתִּיקוֹת,

הַחֶבְרָה לְאַרְכֵאוֹלוֹגְיָה מִקְרָאִית

חוֹמַת נְחֶמְיָה נִבְנְתָה בִּשְׁנַת 444 לפנה"ס, תּוֹךְ 52 יוֹם עַל יְדֵי 41 צְוָתִים

: נְחֶמְיָה ו', ט"ו-ט"ז
"וַתִּשְׁלַם֙ הַֽחוֹמָ֔ה בְּעֶשְׂרִ֥ים וַֽחֲמִשָּׁ֖ה לֶֽאֱל֑וּל לַֽחֲמִשִּׁ֥ים וּשְׁנַ֖יִם יֽוֹם: וַיְהִ֗י כַּֽאֲשֶׁ֤ר שָֽׁמְעוּ֙ כָּל־א֣וֹיְבֵ֔ינוּ וַיִּֽרְא֗וּ כָּל־הַגּוֹיִם֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר סְבִֽיבֹתֵ֔ינוּ וַיִּפְּל֥וּ מְאֹ֖ד
 בְּעֵֽינֵיהֶ֑ם וַיֵּ֣דְע֔וּ כִּ֚י מֵאֵ֣ת אֱלֹהֵ֔ינוּ נֶֽעֶשְׂתָ֖ה הַמְּלָאכָ֥ה הַזֹּֽאת."

Despite heavy physical and political resistance, the Jews pressed forward with 41 teams building unceasingly. The wall was completed in 52 days, finishing on the twenty-fifth of Elul in the year 444 BCE.   Nehemiah 6:15 And so the wall was completed in fifty-two days, on the twenty-fifth of Elul. When all our enemies heard about this, all the surrounding nations were afraid and disheartened, for they realized that this task had been accomplished by our G-d.

נְחֶמְיָה נוֹסֵעַ מִשּׁוּשָׁן שֶׁבְּפָרַס לִבְנוֹת מֵחָדָשׁ אֶת חוֹמַת יְרוּשָׁלַיִם

: נְחֶמְיָה ב', י"ז
"... לְכ֗וּ וְנִבְנֶה֙ אֶת־חוֹמַ֣ת יְרֽוּשָׁלִַ֔ם ..."   

מְכוֹן מְגַלִּים עִיר דָּוִד בַּאֲדִיבוּת ג'וֹרְג' בְּלוּמֶנְטָל וּמִשְׁפַּחַת גּוֹל

Watch a summary of the story of Nehemiah and the rebuilding of the wall by the Megallim Institute, courtesy of George Blumenthal and the Gol Family.

הַהִתְיַחֲסוּת הָרִאשׁוֹנָה לְחַג הַפֶּסַח מִחוּץ לטקסט הַמִּקְרָאִי 419 לפנה"ס 


אִגֶּרֶת פֶּסַח שֶׁנִּשְׁלְחָה מִירוּשָׁלַיִם לְאאלְפֶנְטִינָה, מִצְרַיִם 


"בְּחֹדֶשׁ נִיסָן וַיְהִי פֶּסַח לְחֵיל הַמַּצָּב הַיְּהוּדַאי. וְעַתָּה סִפְרוּ אַרְבָּעָה עָשָׂר יָמִים בְּחֹדֶשׁ נִיסָן וְשִׁמְרוּ אֶת הַפֶּסַח, וּמֵהַיּוֹם הַ-15 עַד הַיּוֹם הַ-21 בְּנִיסָן הֵם שִׁבְעָה יָמִים שֶׁל מַצּוֹת. 

הֱיוּ נְקִיִּים וְהִשָּׁמְרוּ. אַל תַּעַבְדוּ...

הָבָה נַעֲשָׂה הַדָּבָר כְּפִי שֶׁצִּוָּה הַמֶּלֶךְ דָּרְיָוֶשׁ (הַשֵּׁנִי)."





 

מוּזֵאוֹן פרגמון 


One of the Papyri, circa 419 BCE, is a letter sent from Jerusalem to Elephantine outlining Passover rituals. It is the oldest extra-Biblical text referencing Passover.   "And now, this year, year 5 of King Darius, it has been sent from the king to Arsa[mes ……… …]In the month of Nisan, let there be a Passover for the Judahite garrison. Now accordingly count fourteen days of the month Nisan and keep the Passover, and from the 15th day to the 21st day of Nisan are seven days of Unleavened Bread. Be clean and take heed. Do not work…

קְרָא עוֹד