1-100 CE
The Land of Israel under Roman Rule
The Arch of Titus, Photo by Ardon Bar-Hama
Parchment scroll
Israel Museum / Israel Antiquities Authority
The Sh'ma Yisra'eil
From the Caves of the
Dead Sea Scrolls
Deuteronomy
6:4-5
Hear, O Israel! The LORD is our
God, the LORD is one! You shall love the LORD your God with all your heart and
with all your soul and with all your might.
Parchment from Qumran Phylacteries:
“Hear, O Israel, the Lord our
God, the Lord is one. Love the Lord your God with all your heart and with all
your soul and with all your mind and with all your strength.”
Israel Museum / Israel Antiquities Authority
Tallit (Prayer Shawl) Fragment Found at Masada
Numbers
15:38
Throughout
the generations to come you are to make tassels on the corners of your
garments, with a blue cord on each tassel.
A white wool mantle marked with
the Greek letter gamma, a motif used on men’s prayer shawls, or tallit, is among the 2,000 textiles found at Masada.
Israel Antiquities Authority
Crucifixions by the Romans in the Holy Land
Josephus, Antiquities 17.10.10
“Upon this Varus sent a part of his army into the
country, to seek out those that had been the authors of the revolt: and when
they were discovered, he punished some of them that were most guilty; and some
he dismissed. Now the number of those that were crucified on this account were two
thousand.”
The crucified heel bone of Yehohanan ben Hagkol, 21 AD
Israel Museum, Jerusalem / Israel Antiquities Authority
The Zealots, formed by Judas of Galilee, Revolt Against Roman Taxation, 6 CE
In 6 CE, Roman Emperor Augustus annexed what was then a client kingdom of Judea into the Roman Empire. In the same year, Judas of Galilee led a resistance group known as the Zealots to fight against the Romans.
Josephus, The Jewish War, 2.8.1
“And now (Herod) Archelaus’s part of Judea was reduced into a province, and Coponius, one of the equestrian order among the Romans, was sent as a procurator, having the power of [life and] death put into his hands by Cæsar. Under his administration it was, that a certain Galilean, whose name was Judas, prevailed with his countrymen to revolt, and said they (the Jews) were cowards, if they would endure to pay a tax to the Romans, and would, after God, submit to mortal men as their lords.”
Hillel the Elder and the Golden Rule
Hillel
the Elder (d. 10 CE) was one of the foremost Israelite sages in Jerusalem. He is noted for saying:
"What is hateful to you, do not do to your fellow: this is the
whole Torah…”
"If I am not for myself, who will be for me? And being only for
myself, what am I? And if not now, when?"
Tower of David Museum, Photo by Ardon Bar-Hama
Sacrificial Doves
Josephus,
Antiquities 3.9.3
“The sacrifices for sins are
offered in the same manner, as is the thank offering. But those who are unable to
purchase complete sacrifices, offer two pigeons, or turtle doves: the one of which is made a burnt
offering to God; the other they give as food for the Priests.”
Two dead doves and the inscription “korban” (sacrifice) on the fragment of a limestone vessel, found in the excavations around the
Western Wall of the Temple Mount
Israel Museum, Jerusalem / Israel Antiquities Authority
Portraits of Judeans from the 1st Century CE
Herod of Chalcis, r. 41-48 CE. Struck 43-44 CE. Grandson of Herod the Great; Father of Herod Aristobulus, Inscribed: “King Herod, a friend of (Roman Emperor) Claudius”
Goldberg Coins and Collectibles
King Herod Agrippa I, ruled Judea and Samaria from 41-44 CE by the will of the Roman Emperor Claudius, bust created based on images from coins by artists at the Israel Museum, Jerusalem
Head of Augustus on obverse of King Herod Philip coin. Struck year 5 of Herod Philip, 1/2 CE
Goldberg Coins and Collectibles
King Herod Philip, r. 4 BCE-34 CE. Struck 1/2 CE
Goldberg Coins and Collectibles
Salome of the Seven Veils, Struck 66/67 CE under Nero, Inscribed “of Queen Salome”
Salome’s husband, Herod Aristobulus of Chalcis, r. 57-92 CE
Jewish Author Philo of Alexandria Describes the Murder of Jews and Destruction of Synagogues in Alexandria, Egypt, 37 CE
In 37 CE, the Jewish King Agrippa I stopped in Alexandria enroute from Rome to Jerusalem. At that time, Aulus Avilius Flaccus, the Governor of Roman Egypt, allowed an anti-semtic mob to murder, and destroy the property of the Jewish commnity members.
Philo of Alexandria (Philo Judaeus) wrote an eyewitness account:
“Jews were scourged, were hung up, were tortured on the wheel, were condemned, and were dragged to execution in the middle of the orchestra (theatre)...
...it was sufficiently evident that the report about the destruction of the synagogues, which took its rise in Alexandria would be immediately spread over all the districts of Egypt, and would extend from that country to the east and to the oriental nations, and from the borders of the land in the other direction…”
Where Jews Entered The Temple Mount
Reconstruction of the underground passageway of the Double Gate
Fragment of Dome of the Double Gate
Israel Antiquities Authority
Fragment of Dome of the Triple Gate
Israel Antiquities Authority
City of David Megalim Institute, Courtesy of George Blumenthal and the Gol Family
On the Road to Jerusalem:
The Pilgrimage to the Temple for Passover, Shavuot and Sukkot
Philo of Alexandria, On the Special Laws, I:
“Thousands of people from thousands of cities--some by land and some by sea, from east and west, north and south--come for every festival to the Temple, as to a shared haven, to a harbor sheltered from the storms of life.”
City of David Megalim Institute, Courtesy of George Blumenthal and the Gol Family
City of David Megalim Institute, Courtesy of George Blumenthal and the Gol Family
“Shekel of Israel” / “Jerusalem the Holy”
Silver Shekel from Year 2 of the Revolt Against Rome, 67 CE
Courtesy of George Blumenthal
learn more “For the Freedom of Zion”
Bronze Prutah from Year 2 of the Revolt Against Rome, 67 CE
Courtesy of George Blumenthal
learn moreIsthmus of Corinth
Column Fragment Inscribed with the Names of Vespasian and Titus, 68 CE
The column reads:
Imp(erator) Caesar
Vespasian[us]
Aug(ustus), Imp(erator) T(itus) [Cae]
sar Vesp(asianus) Aug(ustus) [F(ilius)]
L(ucius) [Flavius Silva legatus]
Aug(usti) pr(o) pr(aetore)
Leg(io) X Fr(etensis)
Israel Antiquities Authority
A Temple in Flames: The Final Battle for Jerusalem and the Destruction of the Second Temple
City of David Megalim Institute, Courtesy of George Blumenthal and the Gol Family
Israel Antiquities Authority / City of David Excavations
The Journey along the Pilgrimage Road in the City of David, the Heart of Ancient Jerusalem
City of David Excavations, Jerusalem
“Judea Capta” Coin
After the Destruction of the Second Temple 70 CE
Coin of Emperor Vespasian who left Judea in 68 CE. His son Titus destroyed the Temple in 70 CE.
Israel Museum / Israel Antiquities Authority
The Arch of Titus and the Temple Menorah From Jerusalem to Rome, 81 CE
City of David Megalim Institute, Courtesy of George Blumenthal and the Gol Family
The Arch of Titus in the Roman Forum
Coin from 81 CE, Israel Museum, Courtesy of David Sofer
Photograph by Ardon Bar Hama
The Coloseum today, Photo by Ardon Bar-Hama
The Roman Colosseum, Built with Spoils from the Jewish War, Opens in 80 CE
The Roman Colosseum Inscription
"Ex manubiis" translates to "with the proceeds from the spoils of war (i.e. the Jewish War)."
Louis H. Feldman, Giovanni Lattanzi, Biblical Archaeology Review
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